In questo articolo vedremo come costruire un sistema completo di monitoraggio della salute dei dischi SSD e NVMe installati negli host VMware ESXi, utilizzando esclusivamente strumenti open source: pyVmomi per interfacciarsi con le API vSphere, Prometheus e Pushgateway per la raccolta e lo storage delle metriche, e Grafana per la visualizzazione e gli alert.
La soluzione non richiede l’installazione di agenti sugli host ESXi, non dipende da VIB di terze parti e funziona correttamente anche con il Secure Boot abilitato.
PREREQUISITI
Uno o più host VMware ESXi gestiti da vCenter
Un server Linux con Docker e Portainer già installati
Installazione e Configurazione di Portainer su Ubuntu Server 24.04
Grafana già installato e funzionante su Docker
Installazione e Configurazione base di Grafana su Ubuntu Server 24.04
Un’istanza Gitea per il versioning dei file di configurazione
Installazione e Configurazione Base di Gitea su Ubuntu Server 24.04
Accesso amministrativo a vCenter per la creazione di un utente dedicato
ARCHITETTURA
Host ESXi 1 ──┐
Host ESXi 2 ──┤──→ vCenter API ──→ smart-exporter ──→ Pushgateway ──→ Prometheus ──→ Grafana
Host ESXi 3 ──┘ (Python/pyVmomi)
└──────────── Stack Docker ────────────┘
Lo smart-exporter è un container Python che si connette a vCenter tramite le API vSphere, itera su tutti gli host registrati, legge lo stato operativo dei dischi e pubblica le metriche sul Pushgateway. Prometheus scrape il Pushgateway periodicamente e Grafana visualizza i dati.
FASE 1 — CREAZIONE DI UN UTENTE DEDICATO SUL VCENTER
Per motivi di sicurezza è consigliabile non usare l’utente amministratore per il monitoraggio. Creare quindi un utente read-only dedicato.
Accedere a vCenter e andare su:
Administration → Single Sign-On → Users and Groups → Add
Compilare i campi:
Username: monitoring-smart
Password: scegli una password sicura
Assegnare il ruolo:
Administration → Access Control → Global Permissions
Assegnare il ruolo Read-Only all’utente monitoring-smart
Spuntare Applica a tutti gli oggetti figli
FASE 2 – STRUTTURA DEL REPOSITORY DI GITEA
Creare un nuovo repository su Gitea chiamato esxi-smart-monitoring con la seguente struttura:
esxi-smart-monitoring/
├── .gitignore
├── docker-compose.yml
└── exporter/
├── Dockerfile
├── requirements.txt
└── smart_exporter.py
FASE 3 — CREAZIONE DEI FILE DI CONFIGURAZIONE
Di seguito il contenuto del file .gitignore:
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ssh_key/ |
Di seguito il contenuto del file exporter/requirements.txt
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pyVmomi==8.0.3.0.1 prometheus-client==0.20.0 schedule==1.2.1 urllib3==2.2.1 |
Adesso creare lo script si connette a vCenter tramite pyVmomi, itera su tutti gli host ESXi registrati e per ogni host legge lo stato operativo dei dischi locali. Le metriche vengono pubblicate sul Pushgateway in formato Prometheus.
Di seguito il contenuto del file exporter/smart_exporter.py:
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python#!/usr/bin/env python3 import os import ssl import time import schedule import logging from pyVim.connect import SmartConnect, Disconnect from pyVmomi import vim from prometheus_client import Gauge, push_to_gateway, CollectorRegistry logging.basicConfig( level=logging.INFO, format='%(asctime)s %(levelname)s %(message)s' ) log = logging.getLogger(__name__) VCENTER_HOST = os.environ.get('VCENTER_HOST') VCENTER_USER = os.environ.get('VCENTER_USER') VCENTER_PASSWORD = os.environ.get('VCENTER_PASSWORD') VCENTER_PORT = int(os.environ.get('VCENTER_PORT', 443)) VERIFY_SSL = os.environ.get('VCENTER_SSL', 'false').lower() == 'true' PUSHGATEWAY_URL = os.environ.get('PUSHGATEWAY_URL', 'http://pushgateway:9091') INTERVAL_MINUTES = int(os.environ.get('INTERVAL_MINUTES', 5)) def get_vcenter_connection(): if not VERIFY_SSL: context = ssl.SSLContext(ssl.PROTOCOL_TLS_CLIENT) context.check_hostname = False context.verify_mode = ssl.CERT_NONE else: context = ssl.create_default_context() return SmartConnect( host=VCENTER_HOST, user=VCENTER_USER, pwd=VCENTER_PASSWORD, port=VCENTER_PORT, sslContext=context ) def get_all_hosts(content): container = content.viewManager.CreateContainerView( content.rootFolder, [vim.HostSystem], recursive=True ) hosts = list(container.view) container.Destroy() return hosts def collect_smart_metrics(): log.info("Starting SMART collection cycle") try: si = get_vcenter_connection() content = si.RetrieveContent() hosts = get_all_hosts(content) log.info(f"Found {len(hosts)} ESXi hosts") for host in hosts: host_name = host.name log.info(f"Processing host: {host_name}") try: storage_system = host.configManager.storageSystem devices = storage_system.storageDeviceInfo.scsiLun registry = CollectorRegistry() smart_health = Gauge( 'esxi_smart_health', 'SMART health status (1=OK, 0=FAIL)', ['host', 'device', 'device_name'], registry=registry ) device_is_ssd = Gauge( 'esxi_device_is_ssd', 'Whether the device is an SSD (1=SSD, 0=HDD)', ['host', 'device', 'device_name'], registry=registry ) for device in devices: dev_id = device.canonicalName if hasattr(device, 'canonicalName') else device.uuid dev_name = device.displayName if hasattr(device, 'displayName') else dev_id log.info(f" Device: {dev_name} ({dev_id})") # Rileva se SSD is_ssd = getattr(device, 'ssd', False) device_is_ssd.labels( host=host_name, device=dev_id, device_name=dev_name ).set(1 if is_ssd else 0) # Leggi stato operativo try: op_state = getattr(device, 'operationalState', []) health_ok = 1 if op_state: for state in op_state: if 'degraded' in str(state).lower() or \ 'error' in str(state).lower(): health_ok = 0 break smart_health.labels( host=host_name, device=dev_id, device_name=dev_name ).set(health_ok) log.info(f" Health: {'OK' if health_ok else 'FAIL'}") except Exception as e: log.warning(f" Could not get health for {dev_id}: {e}") continue push_to_gateway( PUSHGATEWAY_URL, job='esxi_smart', grouping_key={'host': host_name}, registry=registry ) log.info(f" → Pushed metrics for host {host_name}") except Exception as e: log.error(f"Error processing host {host_name}: {e}") continue Disconnect(si) log.info("Collection cycle completed") except Exception as e: log.error(f"Failed to connect to vCenter: {e}") if __name__ == '__main__': log.info(f"Starting ESXi SMART exporter, interval: {INTERVAL_MINUTES} min") log.info(f"vCenter: {VCENTER_HOST}, Pushgateway: {PUSHGATEWAY_URL}") collect_smart_metrics() schedule.every(INTERVAL_MINUTES).minutes.do(collect_smart_metrics) while True: schedule.run_pending() time.sleep(30) |
Di seguito il contenuto del file exporter/Dockerfile:
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dockerfileFROM python:3.12-slim WORKDIR /app COPY requirements.txt /app/requirements.txt RUN pip install --no-cache-dir -r requirements.txt COPY smart_exporter.py /app/smart_exporter.py CMD ["python", "-u", "/app/smart_exporter.py"] |
La configurazione vCenter viene passata tramite variabili d’ambiente, evitando così problemi di bind mount. La configurazione di Prometheus viene iniettata tramite Docker configs, una funzionalità nativa di Docker Compose che non richiede file sul disco dell’host.
Di seguito il contenuto del file docker-compose.yml:
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yamlversion: '3.8' services: pushgateway: image: prom/pushgateway:latest container_name: pushgateway restart: unless-stopped ports: - "9091:9091" networks: - esxi_monitoring prometheus: image: prom/prometheus:latest container_name: prometheus restart: unless-stopped ports: - "9090:9090" volumes: - prometheus_data:/prometheus configs: - source: prometheus_config target: /etc/prometheus/prometheus.yml command: - '--config.file=/etc/prometheus/prometheus.yml' - '--storage.tsdb.retention.time=30d' networks: - esxi_monitoring smart-exporter: build: ./exporter container_name: smart-exporter restart: unless-stopped environment: - VCENTER_HOST=vcenter.dominio.local - VCENTER_USER=monitoring-smart@dominio.local - VCENTER_PASSWORD=la-tua-password - VCENTER_PORT=443 - VCENTER_SSL=false - PUSHGATEWAY_URL=http://pushgateway:9091 - INTERVAL_MINUTES=5 depends_on: - pushgateway networks: - esxi_monitoring configs: prometheus_config: content: | global: scrape_interval: 60s evaluation_interval: 60s scrape_configs: - job_name: 'pushgateway' honor_labels: true static_configs: - targets: ['pushgateway:9091'] volumes: prometheus_data: networks: esxi_monitoring: driver: bridge |
NOTA BENE: sostituire le variabili VCENTER_HOST, VCENTER_USER e VCENTER_PASSWORD con i valori reali del tuo ambiente.
FASE 4 — COLLEGARE GRAFANA ALLA NETWORK DI PROMETHEUS
Poiché Grafana è già installato in uno stack Docker separato, dobbiamo collegarla alla network esxi_monitoring affinché possa raggiungere Prometheus per nome container.
Eseguire il comando:
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docker network connect <nome_stack>_esxi_monitoring grafana |
Verificare che la connessione funzioni con il comando:
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docker exec -it grafana wget -qO- http://prometheus:9090/-/healthy |
Se è tutto OK la risposta dovrebbe essere:
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Prometheus Server is Healthy. |
NOTA BENE: questa connessione va persa al riavvio del container. Per renderla permanente aggiungi la network esxi_monitoring come esterna nel docker-compose.yml dello stack Grafana.
FASE 5 — DEPLOY SU PORTAINER
Su Portainer creare un nuovo stack collegato al repository Gitea:
Stacks → Add stack → Repository
Repository URL: http://<IP_GITEA>/<utente>/esxi-smart-monitoring
Compose path: docker-compose.yml
Cliccare Deploy the stack
Verificare che tutti i container siano in stato Running con il comando:
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docker ps --format "table {{.Names}}\t{{.Status}}" | grep -E "prometheus|smart|pushgateway" |
Dovremmo visualizzare un output simile al seguente:
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smart-exporter Up 1 days prometheus Up 1 days pushgateway Up 1 days |
Controllare i log dello smart-exporter per verificare la connessione a vCenter con il comando:
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docker logs smart-exporter --tail 30 |
L’output atteso dovrebbe essere simile al seguente:
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2026-01-01 10:00:00,000 INFO Starting ESXi SMART exporter, interval: 5 min 2026-01-01 10:00:00,000 INFO vCenter: vcenter.dominio.local, Pushgateway: http://pushgateway:9091 2026-01-01 10:00:00,000 INFO Starting SMART collection cycle 2026-01-01 10:00:00,000 INFO Found 4 ESXi hosts 2026-01-01 10:00:00,000 INFO Processing host: esxi01.dominio.local 2026-01-01 10:00:00,000 INFO Device: Local NVMe Disk (...) (...) 2026-01-01 10:00:00,000 INFO Health: OK 2026-01-01 10:00:00,000 INFO → Pushed metrics for host esxi01.dominio.local 2026-01-01 10:00:00,000 INFO Collection cycle completed |
FASE 6 – CONFIGURAZIONE DELLE DASHBOARD SU GRAFANA
Di seguito i vari step da seguire per la realizzazione della Dashboard.
STEP 1 — VERIFICA DEL DATASCOURCE DI PROMETHEUS
Aprire Grafana nel browser
Nel menu a sinistra cliccare Connections (icona a forma di fulmine)
Cliccare Data sources
Cercare Prometheus nella lista e cliccrci sopra
Verificare che l’URL sia http://prometheus:9090
Scorrere in fondo alla pagina e cliccare Save & Test
Dovrebbe apparire il banner verde Successfully queried the Prometheus API
STEP 2 — CREARE UNA NUOVA DASHBOARD
Adesso procedere con la creazione della Dashboard
Nel menu a sinistra cliccare Dashboards quindi cliccare il pulsante blu Create Dashboard
Cliccare Add visualization
Selezionare il datasource Prometheus
STEP 3 — PANNELLO 1: HEALTH STATUS
Si apre l’editor del pannello. Procedere così:
Tipo grafico (in alto a destra):
Cambiare da Time series a Stat come nell’immagine sovrastante
Impostare la Query (in basso):
Nel campo query selezionare la voce: esxi_smart_health
Cliccare Run queries
Dovresti vedere dei valori 0 o 1 apparire nell’anteprima.
Inserire il Titolo nella colonna destra nel campo Title:
Health Status Dischi
Nella colonna destra scorrere fino a Value mappings quindi cliccare su Add value mapping
Tipo: Value
Value: 1 → Display text: OK → Color: Verde
Clicca Add value mapping di nuovo
Value: 0 → Display text: FAIL → Color: Rosso
Cliccare Update
Se è tutto corretto dovremmo vedere una schermata come quella sovrastante
Adesso andare al fondo della colonna destra fino a Thresholds
Impostare:
Base → Rosso
Aggiungi soglia: 1 → Verde
Individuare le Standard options:
Impostare nelle Standard options → Display name (colonna destra) il seguente valore:
${__series.labels.device_name} – ${__series.labels.host}
Cliccare in alto a destra Save Dashboard
Inserire il titolo quindi cliccare Save
STEP 4 — PANNELLO 2: INVENTARIO DISCHI
Tornare alla dashboard e cliccare Add → Visualization.
Tipo grafico: Cambiare a Table
Query: esxi_device_is_ssd
Cliccare Run queries
Titolo: Inventario Dischi
Cliccare sul tab Transformations in basso accanto a Queries:
Clicca Add transformation
Scegliere Labels to fields
Apparirà una colonna per ogni label: host, device, device_name
Nella lista dei campi tenere: host, device_name, device
Clicca Add transformation → cerca Organize fields
Nascondere: Time, __name__, job, instance
Quindi rinominare:
host → Host
device_name → Disco
device → Device ID
Value #A → Health
Value #B → Tipo
Cliccare Apply
STEP 5 — PANNELLO 2: CONTEGGIO DISCHI OK PER HOST
Cliccare Add → Visualization
Impostare il tipo grafico in: Stat
Query: count by (host) (esxi_smart_health == 1)
Titolo: Dischi OK per host
In Standard options → Unit impostare: short
In Standard options → Display name: ${__series.labels.host}
In Thresholds impostare: Base → Verde (tutti OK è buono)
Cliccare Apply
STEP 6 — SALVATAGGIO DELLA DASHBOARD
Cliccare l’icona salva in alto a destra (o Ctrl+S)
Nome dashboard: ESXi Disk Health
Folder: puoi lasciare General
Cliccare Save
Al termine dopo varie implementazioni dovremmo visualizzare la nostra Dashoboard
FASE 7 – JSON DASHBOARD
Di seguito il codice Json pronto per avere la Dashboard pronta:
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{ "__inputs": [ { "name": "DS_PROMETHEUS", "label": "Prometheus", "description": "", "type": "datasource", "pluginId": "prometheus", "pluginName": "Prometheus" } ], "__elements": {}, "__requires": [ { "type": "grafana", "id": "grafana", "name": "Grafana", "version": "10.0.0" }, { "type": "datasource", "id": "prometheus", "name": "Prometheus", "version": "1.0.0" }, { "type": "panel", "id": "stat", "name": "Stat", "version": "" }, { "type": "panel", "id": "table", "name": "Table", "version": "" }, { "type": "panel", "id": "gauge", "name": "Gauge", "version": "" }, { "type": "panel", "id": "piechart", "name": "Pie chart", "version": "" }, { "type": "panel", "id": "timeseries","name": "Time series","version": "" } ], "annotations": { "list": [ { "builtIn": 1, "datasource": { "type": "grafana", "uid": "-- Grafana --" }, "enable": true, "hide": true, "iconColor": "rgba(0, 211, 255, 1)", "name": "Annotations & Alerts", "type": "dashboard" } ] }, "description": "Monitoraggio salute dischi SSD e NVMe su host VMware ESXi tramite pyVmomi e Prometheus", "editable": true, "fiscalYearStartMonth": 0, "graphTooltip": 1, "id": null, "links": [], "panels": [ { "collapsed": false, "gridPos": { "h": 1, "w": 24, "x": 0, "y": 0 }, "id": 100, "title": " Riepilogo Generale", "type": "row" }, { "datasource": { "type": "prometheus", "uid": "${DS_PROMETHEUS}" }, "fieldConfig": { "defaults": { "color": { "mode": "thresholds" }, "mappings": [], "thresholds": { "mode": "absolute", "steps": [{ "color": "blue", "value": null }] }, "unit": "short" }, "overrides": [] }, "gridPos": { "h": 4, "w": 4, "x": 0, "y": 1 }, "id": 1, "options": { "colorMode": "background", "graphMode": "none", "justifyMode": "center", "orientation": "auto", "reduceOptions": { "calcs": ["lastNotNull"], "fields": "", "values": false }, "textMode": "auto" }, "title": "Dischi Totali", "type": "stat", "targets": [{ "datasource": { "type": "prometheus", "uid": "${DS_PROMETHEUS}" }, "expr": "count(esxi_smart_health)", "instant": true, "legendFormat": "Totale", "refId": "A" }] }, { "datasource": { "type": "prometheus", "uid": "${DS_PROMETHEUS}" }, "fieldConfig": { "defaults": { "color": { "mode": "thresholds" }, "mappings": [], "thresholds": { "mode": "absolute", "steps": [{ "color": "green", "value": null }] }, "unit": "short" }, "overrides": [] }, "gridPos": { "h": 4, "w": 4, "x": 4, "y": 1 }, "id": 2, "options": { "colorMode": "background", "graphMode": "none", "justifyMode": "center", "orientation": "auto", "reduceOptions": { "calcs": ["lastNotNull"], "fields": "", "values": false }, "textMode": "auto" }, "title": "Dischi OK", "type": "stat", "targets": [{ "datasource": { "type": "prometheus", "uid": "${DS_PROMETHEUS}" }, "expr": "count(esxi_smart_health == 1)", "instant": true, "legendFormat": "OK", "refId": "A" }] }, { "datasource": { "type": "prometheus", "uid": "${DS_PROMETHEUS}" }, "fieldConfig": { "defaults": { "color": { "mode": "thresholds" }, "mappings": [], "thresholds": { "mode": "absolute", "steps": [{ "color": "green", "value": null }, { "color": "red", "value": 1 }] }, "unit": "short" }, "overrides": [] }, "gridPos": { "h": 4, "w": 4, "x": 8, "y": 1 }, "id": 3, "options": { "colorMode": "background", "graphMode": "none", "justifyMode": "center", "orientation": "auto", "reduceOptions": { "calcs": ["lastNotNull"], "fields": "", "values": false }, "textMode": "auto" }, "title": "Dischi FAIL", "type": "stat", "targets": [{ "datasource": { "type": "prometheus", "uid": "${DS_PROMETHEUS}" }, "expr": "count(esxi_smart_health == 0) or vector(0)", "instant": true, "legendFormat": "FAIL", "refId": "A" }] }, { "datasource": { "type": "prometheus", "uid": "${DS_PROMETHEUS}" }, "fieldConfig": { "defaults": { "color": { "mode": "thresholds" }, "mappings": [], "thresholds": { "mode": "absolute", "steps": [{ "color": "blue", "value": null }] }, "unit": "short" }, "overrides": [] }, "gridPos": { "h": 4, "w": 4, "x": 12, "y": 1 }, "id": 4, "options": { "colorMode": "background", "graphMode": "none", "justifyMode": "center", "orientation": "auto", "reduceOptions": { "calcs": ["lastNotNull"], "fields": "", "values": false }, "textMode": "auto" }, "title": "Host Monitorati", "type": "stat", "targets": [{ "datasource": { "type": "prometheus", "uid": "${DS_PROMETHEUS}" }, "expr": "count(count by (host) (esxi_smart_health))", "instant": true, "legendFormat": "Host", "refId": "A" }] }, { "datasource": { "type": "prometheus", "uid": "${DS_PROMETHEUS}" }, "fieldConfig": { "defaults": { "color": { "mode": "thresholds" }, "mappings": [], "thresholds": { "mode": "absolute", "steps": [{ "color": "blue", "value": null }] }, "unit": "short" }, "overrides": [] }, "gridPos": { "h": 4, "w": 4, "x": 16, "y": 1 }, "id": 5, "options": { "colorMode": "background", "graphMode": "none", "justifyMode": "center", "orientation": "auto", "reduceOptions": { "calcs": ["lastNotNull"], "fields": "", "values": false }, "textMode": "auto" }, "title": "SSD/NVMe", "type": "stat", "targets": [{ 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